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                <text>The Xinhai revolution 1911 (辛亥革命)</text>
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                <text>At the beginning of the 20th Century, China, the most populous nation in the world was still ruled by an absolute monarchy. The rise of foreign concessions and their involvement in railway lines along with a new ideology of republicanism, prompted armed uprisings against the Qing Dynasty, leading to the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. </text>
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                <text>Lauren Walden</text>
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                <text>University of Leicester</text>
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              <text>Source 1 Xunling (1903-4) Empress Dowager Cixi (photograph)</text>
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              <text>Late Qing Government Reforms </text>
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              <text>This photograph depicts the Empress Dowager Cixi in traditional regalia complete with elaborate nail guards. Cixi suffered from an image problem, and was considered aloof from everyday society. She launched several reforms and investigated the possibility of a constitutional monarchy in an attempt to reinvigorate the Qing Dynasty. She also entertained many foreign officials in order to court money and support. This was particularly important after her support of the Boxer Rebellion which had attempted to expel foreigners from China. Before her death in 1908, she appointed Puyi the child emperor who would become China's last ever monarch. </text>
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              <text>Xunling</text>
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              <text>MIT Visualising Cultures Project David Hogge </text>
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              <text>https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/empress_dowager/cx_essay01.html</text>
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